Year: 2019
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Ecosystem Structure
On the basis of trophic structure, ecosystem is two layered: “trophe = nourishment” Autotrophic Stratum (Green Belt): Upper, self-nourishing layer of chlorophyll-containing plants. Fix the light energy, convert inorganic substances into complex organic compounds which predominate in the stratum. The most intensive autotrophic metabolism occurs in this layer where light energy is available. Heterotrophic Stratum…
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Ecosystem (Introduction)
Introduction Ecosystem = Ecological System (Eco = Environment; System = Interacting & interdependent complex) ‘Ecosystem’ term was first used by A.G. Tansley (1935), describing a natural unit consisting of both living & non- living parts, which interact, forming a stable system. Fundamental concepts of ecosystem include… Energy flow through food chains or food webs. Nutrient…
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Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Classification
For Sub class 3: Branchiopterygii, check image above “Osteichthyes Overview”. Vertebrata Classification Agnatha Classification Chondrichthyes (Cartilagenous Fishes) Classification
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Plasma Membrane – Phospholipid Bilayer
Mammalian Red Blood Cells Provided initial evidences that biological membranes consist of lipid bilayers (E. Gorter & F. Grendel, 1925). Since, they do not contain nuclei or internal membranes, thereby becoming a source from which pure plasma membrane can be isolated easily. RBCs’ plasma membrane have been particularly useful as a model for membrane structure…
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Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes) Classification
Vertebrate Classification Agnatha Classification Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) Classification
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Integumentary System (Skin and its derivatives)
Introduction The common structural pattern of both aquatic & terrestrial vertebrates of integument is… Epidermis Derived from Ectoderm Stratified i.e. consists of multi-layers of cells Dermis Derived mainly from mesoderm Formed of connective tissue Contain blood & lymph vessels, nerve & smooth muscle fibres, receptors and also special irregular pigment cells (chromatophores) Below dermis, subcutaneous…
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Vertebrate Comparative Part-I (Introduction)
This series of study material is based on comparative study of vertebrates. In order to learn thoroughly & clearly about vertebrates & comparative study of them, it is important to know the proper classification of Vertebrates. Basic aspects to be studied in comparative vertebrate anatomy are:(a) Descriptive Morphology (Structures of vertebrates)(b) Functional Morphology (Functional significance…
